A Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) was signed recently by Dr. Michael S. Krzemnicki, Director of the Swiss Gemmological Institute SSEF, and Mr. Ali Safar, Director of the Directorate of Precious Metals & Gemstone Testing, Ministry of Commerce Bahrain (GPTLB), to formally define the collaboration existing between the two labs for some years now. The MoU was signed during a working visit by Dr. Krzemnicki to Bahrain in August. %% Both labs, internationally renowned for their expertise in pearl research, identification and certification had been collaborating in the field of pearl research. "We feel that while the natural pearl trade is being challenged by increasing amounts of beadless saltwater cultured pearls -- also called Keshi cultured pearls -- it is crucial that laboratories collaborate internationally in pearl research, so as to maintain the confidence of the consumer in this true product of nature," Dr. Krzemnicki said. %% "It is the purpose of this MoU to establish mutual co-operation in research and training on pearls and to harmonize the testing of pearls, especially concerning the development of criteria for distinguishing natural pearls from cultured pearls. " he concluded. Bahrain has a long history of pearl trading and remains a major hub for the natural pearl trade in the Arabian Gulf.